An examination of the timeline of connections between Julian Assange, WikiLeaks and Russia shows a 25 year long pattern ranging from repeatedly seeking refuge in Russia to cooperating with key Russian officials, hackers and private citizens.
Despite repeated denials, there’s no question that there are questions.
Note:
Many of the events described here have been denied by involved parties at various points. It would be impractical and confusing to include and analyze the variations of every denial. In lieu of attempting that, it is best to assume that except where noted:
- WikiLeaks and Julian Assange deny connections to or involvement with Russian officials and intelligence, including denying using them as sources
- Edward Snowden and his associates have denied connections to or cooperation with Russian officials and intelligence
I’ve attempted to identify and cite the most precise, reliable and relevant dates for all events. As part of their operational security and due to imprecise memories, several people involved have given vague or contradicting dates for some events. Dates may also vary by up to a day depending on local time.
Update: Due to an editing error, one statement about Sarah Harrison was repeated twice. The second time it appeared it was misplaced in the timeline and lacked citations. The duplicate has been removed. In the same line was a statement and a pair of references to Snowden’s flight to Russia, and their placement has been adjusted for clarity.
In late October 1998, Assange announced to the Cypherpunks mailing list that he would be “hop-scotching though the US, Western/Eastern europe, Russia, Mongolia and China” with stops in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Irtutsk planned for the second half of November.1 In 1999, Assange registered the domain Leaks.org.2
In 2007, Israel Shamir, a friend of Assange’s who reportedly had “ties and friends in Russian security services”, joined WikiLeaks. Assange wrote an email suggesting that Shamir work under a fake name because people saw him as an anti-Semite.34 Former KGB agent Karpichkov claimed that Russian intelligence identified Snowden in 2007 and opened a file on him while he worked for the CIA in Geneva.56
In mid-2010, Assange began making references to Russian material that was going to be published. Many of these references are likely to the diplomatic cables, which included American reports on Russian affairs. Other instances stand out as exceptions, such as Assange’s saying that WikiLeaks had “some Russian and Chinese stuff that I can’t read.”7 By that July, Assange told Izvestia that WikiLeaks had “compromising materials on Russia,” adding that “the Americans are helping us, they transmit a lot of materials about Russia.”8 This would seem to be a reference to Chelsea Manning and Cablegate. Around that time, the magazine Russian Reporter began its close contact with Assange while working with Israel Shamir.9
Assange was due to return to Sweden to be interviewed in the pending sexual assault cases on October 14, according to documents and his own descriptions to supporters.10 Around October 25, Kristinn Hrafnsson and Assange said that “Russian readers will find out a lot of new things about their country” and that “the despotic regimes of Russia, China and Central Asia” were the original focus of WikiLeaks.11 On October 26, the FSB said that they could permanently disable WikiLeaks with a few keystrokes.121314 In an interview dated October 28, Assange reportedly told Al Jazeera that Russian intelligence offered him and WikiLeaks an opportunity to collaborate but he refused.15 The same day Russia’s Foreign Ministry called for Washington to investigate rights abuses described in the leaks.16
On November 2, the FSB raided Russia’s National Reserve Bank and the office of Alexander Lebedev,1718 a former KGB and SVR agent turned Russian oligarch who owned the bank, who owned part of Novoya Gazeta and had bought The Evening Standard and The Independent for £1 each.19 Lebedev suggested that the raid was connected to WikiLeaks and a Novoya Gazeta reporter meeting Assange, and unnamed sources suggested that Moscow was sending a message to Lebedev.202122
In early November 2010, while negotiating for access to the diplomatic cables, Assange talked about seeking refuge in Russia and setting up WikiLeaks there ahead of the fallout from the cables’ release.23 In an interview on November 11, Assange said that the press had blown the focus on Russian publications out of proportion, saying that WikiLeaks had “material on many business and governments, including in Russia. It’s not right to say there’s going to be a particular focus on Russia.”24
On November 28, WikiLeaks and Russian Reporter announced their Cablegate collaboration, and credited Israel Shamir.25 Editor-in-chief Vitaly Leibin said they didn’t have a contract with WikiLeaks due to how Assange did business, and clarified that Russian Reporter wasn’t collaborating with other outlets like The New York Times or The Guardian.26 Metadata indicates that on November 29, a letter of authority dated November 30 was drafted, granting Israel Shamir permission to apply for a Russian visa on behalf of Assange.27 The same day, Interpol released a Red Notice for Assange, an advisory that Assange was wanted for questioning and requesting national police to assist in locating him.28
During this time period, Shamir had been attempting to sell Russian media, including Russian Reporter and Kommersant, access to the cables for $10,000.2930 Shamir started the conspiracy theory that the women in Sweden who had accused Assange of sexual assault were part of a CIA plot,3132 a conspiracy theory that was also promoted by various Russian officials, including State Duma Deputy Gennady Gudkov.33 By December 7, Shamir and Russian Reporter were facing accusations of distorting and fabricating cables.3435 Andrei Illarionov, the former economic adviser to President Vladimir Putin, has suggested that this was the result of a disinformation campaign by Russian authorities who were using Russian Reporter to distort the contents of the cables.36 By December 11, Assange’s lawyer Renata Avila suggested that he proactively ditch bail and “plan to escape and pay the bail money back to his supporters.”37
By December 17, Kristinn Hrafnsson confirmed that Shamir was WikiLeaks’ representative in Russia, and that his son Wahlström was their representative in Sweden.38 Wahlström was also one of Assange’s defense witnesses in his Swedish trial.39 On December 19, Shamir met with Vladimir Makei, a senior official in the Belarusian regime.40 On December 21, President Lukashenko said he would start a Belarusian WikiLeaks and publish certain documents on the website.4142 These cables hurt the independence movement in Belarus.43 On December 22, Lebedev’s paper Novoya Gazeta announced it was partnering with WikiLeaks on the Russian cables.4445
In January 2011, Assange’s Russian visa was granted. Israel Shamir later said that Assange had simply waited too long and his arrest prevented him from going to Russia.46474849 On January 17 the Russian foundation Друзья WikiLeaks (Friends of WikiLeaks) was announced. Founded by Israel Shamir and Vitaly Leibin, the organization was meant to help raise funds for Assange WikiLeaks, and to bring Assange to Russia.50 While Друзья WikiLeaks said Yandex had offered to process donations, Yandex disputed this.51 By January 20, Shamir said that Assange had the visa and would arrive in Russia in three weeks. One of Assange’s lawyers, Mark Stevens, disputed this and said it couldn’t happen because legal proceedings prevented Assange from leaving London.525354
In February 2011, David Leigh called Assange “reckless and opportunistic” and said that “because America is after him and because Sarah Palin wants him hunted down like Osama bin Laden and so forth, he’s turning round to the Russians who are quite enjoying the discomfiture of the United States … he’s palling up with them and giving material to very unsuitable people.”55 By March 2011, questions were raised about why Novaya Gazeta wasn’t publishing more about the diplomatic cables, and whether Lebedev and Novaya Gazeta had paid for access to the cables. Noavaya Gazeta’s representatives made contradictory statements and didn’t clarify.565758
In January 2012, Assange announced that he would be hosting a show on RT (formerly known as Russia Today). Assange later explained that while he had some freedom, the show didn’t have the editorial independence he had asked for. It later emerged that the show had evolved out of a conversation with Wahlström.59 A cache of 2.4 million emails that WikiLeaks announced and published that year was later found to exclude an email about transferring money to Russia,60 while another one million emails were later found to have never been released by WikiLeaks.61
April 2012 Snowden begins downloading NSA files.62 He convinces coworkers to give up passwords to increase his access.63
In December 2012, Snowden attempted to contact Glenn Greenwald. In January 2013, Snowden established contact with Laura Poitras. By late winter she is convinced he’s genuine.64 By March 30, Jacob Appelbaum had traveled to Hawaii with friends for his birthday.65 In April, Poitras contacts Greenwald and in April or early May Snowden begins sending them documents.66 February 2013 Greenwald says that he and Poitras have been working with Snowden since February 2013.67 Snowden’s Hong Kong “carer” put him in touch with Robert Tibbo and Jonathan Man at Ho Tse Wai, Philip Li & Partners.68
In mid-May 2013, Laura Poitras contacted Jacob Appelbaum to ask for help in verifying Snowden’s knowledge and role at the NSA. Using encrypted email, Appelbaum and Poitras send Snowden questions.69 On May 20, Snowden leaves for Hong Kong, and on June 2, Poitras and Greenwald arrive in Hong Kong.70 June 8 NSA filed a “crimes report” and opened a criminal probe into the Snowden leaks.71 On June 9 Snowden’s identity was revealed to the world.72 On June 10, Snowden leaves the Mira Hotel. ‘Shortly after,’ Kristinn Hrafnsson called Snowden’s lawyers.73 Assange said that he was in “indirect communication with [Snowden’s] people,” most likely his lawyers.7475
By mid-June, Harrison had arrived and made contact.76 Sarah Harrison had a Russian visa, though it wasn’t required.777879 On June 11 Putin’s press secretary, Dmitry Peskov, said Russia would consider an application for asylum from Snowden if it received one. Assange endorsed this and told Snowden he’d be safest in Russia.8081 On June 12 Snowden leaked IP addresses to SCMP, and told them he intends to leak more later.8283. By this point, Snowden had overtly contacted WikiLeaks for help with asylum, specifically mentioning Iceland.84
On June 9 or 10 Snowden gives his documents to journalists85 On June 12, Snowden says he’ll leak more later once he’s able to review the files.86 On June 15, Iceland said it will only accept an application from Snowden if he is in Iceland.87 June 20 is the earliest known date Snowden is alleged to have contacted Russian officials while in Hong Kong. Putin later confirmed the contact happened.888990
On June 21 Olafur Vignir Sigurvinsson of DataCell said he had a private plane ready to take Snowden to Iceland if he was granted asylum. Snowden buys an Aeroflot ticket to Havana through Moscow. His passport was canceled the same day. Snowden informs Russians officials of his flight and travel plans.91929394
June 22 Fidel Narvaez issues an unsigned SAFEPASS document to Snowden without authorization from the government. As a result, Correa says that Narvaez would be “sanctioned.” Ecuadorian diplomats complained that communications needed to be better controlled and that it looked like Assange was “running the show.” President Correa said the SAFEPASS was issued by mistake. WikiLeaks says that the purpose of the pass was to get Snowden out of Hong Kong.95969798
On June 22, the United States revokes Snowden’s passport and issues an extradition request.99100 On June 23 Hong Kong received the extradition request for Snowden, but says the extradition request didn’t meet all of the legal requirements because of inconsistencies with the name and a missing passport number.101102103104 After talking to his lawyers, Snowden decides to leave Hong Kong.105
Snowden subsequently flies to Moscow on a flight allegedly coordinated with Russian intelligence,106107 and upon landing his plane is surrounded by Russian authorities.108 A planned flight to Cuba was abandoned when the country blocked Snowden’s entry.109 The Ambassador of Ecuador to Russia diverts the attention of journalists by parking at the airport terminal. When Snowden arrived, the police and intelligence presence at the airport had increased considerably. A car with Venezuelan Embassy of Russia diplomatic plates drove up to the plane’s ramp and took Snowden and Harrison to another location, presumably within the airport’s complex.110 Shortly after his arrival, the FSB tried to recruit Snowden. Snowden denies this, saying he refused to cooperate.111112113 While Harrison claimed to be with Snowden constantly, she also left him alone in the airport. Snowden’s lawyer, Kucherena, later said he only saw her at the first and last meetings.114115
On June 24, Birgitta Jonsdottir said that Snowden shouldn’t come to Iceland without citizenship because of procedural requirements.116 Leaked documents indicate that Russia declined to send Snowden to Ecuador.117
On June 25 Greenwald said that Snowden “has taken extreme precautions to make sure many different people around the world have these archives” who “cannot access them yet because they are highly encrypted and they do not have the passwords.”118 On June 28, Snowden’s father said he was worried about his son’s ties to WikiLeaks.119 On June 30 Assange said that Snowden has made insurance files, but won’t say if WikiLeaks has them.120
On July 1, after Assange spread disinformation about Snowden’s destination,121 President Morales’ plane was grounded under the belief Snowden is aboard it. In a July 2 tweet, Greenwald wrote that “there’s a difference between what really motivated him to leak & what he’s leaked out of self-preservation.”122 The same day, Snowden’s father writes an open letter to his son.123 July 4 Israel Shamir called for Snowden’s asylum in Russia.124
On July 11 Snowden emailed Tanya Lokshina and other Russian activists and officials to set up the conference the following day.125 On the next day, the conference happens. On her way to the airport conference, Human Rights Watch representative Tanya Lokshina received a call from the embassy, who said that Snowden was not considered a whistleblower. The embassy confirmed the call, but denied that Lokshina had been asked to deliver a message to Snowden as she said.126 During the conference, Snowden said he was going to apply for asylum in Russia.127 Snowden invited Kucherena, and the two met at the airport press conference. Afterwards, Snowden asks for Kucherena’s legal help afterwards.128 Sergei Nikitin, head of Amnesty International’s Russia office, Russia’s presidential human rights ombudsman Vladimir Lukin, Olga Kostina, who has ties to the Russian prosecutor’s office, Vyacheslav Nikonov, a pro-Kremlin lawmaker, and Genri/Henry Reznik were also in attendance along with “around 8 Russian human rights figures.” Several attendees including Kucherena had FSB ties.129130131 During the conference, Snowden is accompanied by “Russian minders.”132 Russian authorities supported the asylum request.133134135 Snowden said that Russian intelligence approached him, but he turned them down.136 Snowden accepted asylum with FSB PR officer137
July 13 Snowden says he hasn’t applied for Russian asylum yet but will138 Greenwald says that if anything happens to Snowden, everything will be revealed because several people have encrypted copies of the data.139140141
On July 14 Snowden and Kucherena meet again, and Kucherena repeats Assange’s advice to Snowden: seek asylum in Russia. Kucherena said that Snowden couldn’t apply for asylum without being in the country, making the applications impossible.142143
July 15 Snowden makes a Russian asylum application. The same day, Greenwald says Snowden was “in possession of literally thousands of documents.”144 The next day, Russia confirmed receiving the application. On July 16 or 17, Kucherena said Snowden that “can’t go anywhere, even if he gets a valid passport.”145 On July 18, chairman of the Silovik union (law enforcement/intelligence) wrote a letter to Anatoly Kucherena saying that Snowden was requesting admission to the union and help. The Silovica union agreed to admit him. The email came from a North Carolina IP address, and Kucherena called the alleged request a provocation.146147
On July 24, Snowden planned to leave the airport, but his departure hit a last minute snag of unknown nature.148149
In August 2013, RT’s editor-in-chief, Margarita Simonyan, visited Assange to discuss renewing his broadcast contract. Russian media subsequently announced that RT had become “the only Russian media company” to partner with WikiLeaks and had received access to “new leaks of secret information.”’150 On August 1, Russia granted Snowden temporary asylum. Snowden began living in a “safe house in Moscow”, where Russian security forces provide him with 24-hour protection. While there, he was not allowed to leave alone and all visitors were required to go through Russian security.151
In mid-August, lawyers for Snowden’s father said they didn’t trust the intentions and advice of WikiLeaks and Greenwald.152 On August 16, WikiLeaks created several insurance files torrents.153 Assange says that “hopefully one day, not too far in the future, we will see a WikiLeaks file rollout to media organisations.”154 The next day, WikiLeaks posted the insurance files, saying it’s to prevent prior restraint.155156157
After meeting with Snowden on October 9, Ray McGovern claimed the laptops that Snowden took to Hong Kong and Russia were a “diversion.”158 Greenwald later said the same thing, adding that each laptop was blank and served “a different security purpose.”159
In November, Snowden said he will only testify for Germany if they give him residency because he had “significant reservations” about being questioned as a witness in Moscow by an official representing the Bundestag or a federal prosecutor.160 After meeting with Ströbele, German intelligence concludes that the FSB arranged and coordinated the visit for their purposes.161 In December, Assange ends an interview saying he can’t answer how he got Snowden out of the United States.162
In 2015, WikiLeaks released the Saudi Cables. Timing and infrastructure involved indicate Russia may have been involved.163 Consensus is Iran, but forensics indicate Russia164165166167
On March 9 2016, WikiLeaks tweets about a possible reward for Hillary Clinton’s Goldman Sachs speeches. Hours later, Russian hackers launch the phishing campaign that yielded them. 168 After Russian hackers using the persona Guccifer 2.0 publicly claimed credit for hacking the DNC, WikiLeaks first contacted the persona on June 22.169 In late June 2016, The deputy chairman of Russia’s defense and security committee, Frants Klintsevich, said that “Snowden did share intelligence. This is what security services do.”170
On July 14, Guccifer 2.0 sent WikiLeaks a cache of DNC emails.171 On July 16, Guccifer 2.0 and WikiLeaks discuss the DNC email transfer.172 On July 22, WikiLeaks released the first cache of DNC emails.173 On August 12, Guccifer 2.0 said that a large cache of DCCC files were being sent to WikiLeaks.174175 In mid-September, WikiLeaks attempted to contact DC Leaks with Guccifer 2.0’s help176 and the HPSCI concluded that Snowden had and continued to have contacts with Russian intelligence.177 On October 7, WikiLeaks began publishing the Podesta emails.178 On November 7, WikiLeaks released a second cache of DNC emails.179
During the Summer of 2016, WikiLeaks turned down Russia leaks180 and a supporter urged Assange “to push back harder against allegations about Russia, Assange [responded] that he had a new publication in the works that would likely alter people’s views. “You can’t see the longer strategy,” he said.”181 Assange also said he would release the codes that the United States uses to hack others.”182 Sometime after the 2016 election UC Global, the security company hired by the embassy, concluded Assange has Russian ties.183
In December, Assange said that Guccifer 2’s leaks “look very much like they’re from the Russians. But in some ways, they look very amateur, and almost look too much like the Russians”184 and that Russia has its own transparency and that “in Russia there are competitors to WikiLeaks”185 In late December 2016, Birgitta Jonsdottir said Snowden still wanted to go to Iceland.186
During 2017 Adam Waldman, lobbyist for Oleg Deripaska, visits Assange nine times which was ‘more than almost anyone else’187 Waldman tried to negotiate an immunity deal for Assange, extortion for immunity “this guy is going to do something catastrophic for the dems, Obama, CIA and national security”188189 On September 19, after having sat on the data,190 WikiLeaks releases a set of documents labeled Spy Files Russia.191
On December 4, Assange renounced his Ecuadorian asylum in preparation for a diplomatic posting.192 Around Christmas 2017, the Embassy planned to send Assange to Russia for a diplomatic posting.193194 Fidel Narváez denied any knowledge of this, but it was later confirmed by documents.195196 This plan prompted an escalation in the prosecutions and extradition related to WL and JA.197
Throughout 2019, lawyers for WikiLeaks and Assange connected with “a network of Russian Foreign Ministry officials in four separate embassies around the world: The Hague, New York, London, and Geneva.” The Russian disinformation network and series of activities resulted in the flawed OPCW leak.198199200201
In March 2020, Prosecutors tell Hammond that Assange is a Russian spy while attempting to coerce him into testifying before the grand jury.202203
2023 An AI-generated image of Julian Assange in prison with exaggerated injuries created by an Assange supporter became the first example of an AI-generated image used by a Russian embassy to spread disinformation204
1. 25 Oct 1998 Cypherpunks email from Julian Assange <[email protected]>, Subject: Travel Plans
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22. WikiLeaks Information Review Task Force slide 2010.11.15 – 1600
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